MALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

Erectile Dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for his or his partners sexual needs. Most men experience this at some point in their lives, usually by the age of 40, and are not psychologically affected by it. 

Causes of Erectile Dysfunction:
Obtaining full erections at some times, such as when asleep (when the mind and psychological issues, if any, are less present), tends to suggest the physical structures are functionally working.
Other factors leading to erectile dysfunction are diabetes mellitus (causing neuropathy).

-Drugs: Anti-depressants (SSRIs) and nicotine are most common
-Neurogenic disorders: Spinal cord and brain injuries, nerve disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke
-Cavernosal disorders: Peyronies disease
-Psychological causes: Performance anxiety, stress, mental disorders, clinical depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders or traits psychological problems, negative feelings.
-Surgery: Radiation therapy, surgery of the colon, prostate, bladder, or rectum may damage the nerves and blood vessels involved in erection. Prostate and bladder cancer surgery often require removing tissue and nerves surrounding a tumor, which increases the risk for impotence -Ageing: It is four times higher in men in their 60s than in men in their 40s.
-Kidney failure: Diseases such as diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS). While these two causes have not been proven they're likely suspects as they cause issues with both the blood flow and nervous systems.
-Lifestyle: Smoking is a key cause of erectile dysfunction. Smoking causes impotence because it promotes arterial narrowing. 

Reproduction (or making a baby) is a simple and natural experience for most couples. However, for some couples it is very difficult to conceive. A man’s fertility generally relies on the quantity and quality of his sperm. If the number of sperm a man ejaculates is low or if the sperm are of a poor quality, it will be difficult, and sometimes impossible, for him to cause a pregnancy. Male infertility is diagnosed when, after testing both partners, reproductive problems have been found in the male.

Common surgical procedure for Male Infertility

• Micro Surgical Varicocelectomy: When abnormal semen parameter is because of testicular vein varicosities, this need ligation of testicular varicose vein. In microsurgical technique, ligation of venous channel in done under operating microscope thus reducing risk of post operative scrotal oedema and no risk of injury to testicular artery.

• Testicular Biopsy: when sperm are nor seen in semen, then directly a small tissue is collected from testis by needle biopsy and the tissue is examined under a microscope to see either presence of sperm or to retrieve sperm for IVF.

Hypogonadism: is when the sex glands produce little or no hormones. In men, these glands (gonads) are the testes; in women, they are the ovaries .Male hypogonadism is a condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone, the hormone that plays a key role in masculine growth and development during puberty or has an impaired ability to produce sperm or both.